French version
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French version
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Shogun将軍 征夷大将軍alternative words: Shougun, Seitaishogun, Seiitaishogun, Sei tai shogun, Seii tai shogun, Sei taishogun, Seii taishogun, Seii daishogun keywords: shogun, title related topics: Shogunate , Minamoto no Yoritomo , Ashikaga Takauji , Ashikaga Yoshimitsu , Tokugawa Ieyasu explanation: This title had appeared during Nara period and means "Great general to conquer barbarians". As its name indicates, the title holder had a prerogative to recruit soldiers to subdue Ainu's revolts, but it was temporary once. Gradually it had transformed to designate a supreme chef of samurais without any relation with Ainu. Since Kamakura period, the title had become permanent and used until the end of Edo period. Shogun (=general) is an abbreviation of Seitaishogun. Shogunate幕府alternative words: Bakufu, Shogunates keywords: office, shogun related topics: Shogun , Kamakura shogunate , Muromachi shogunate , Edo shogunate , Minamoto no Yoritomo explanation: Initially the term of Bakufu appeared in China to designate the headquarters of a general in expedition and means "office under tent". In Japan, after Minamoto no Yoritomo had become shogun and virtually replaced the prerogative of imperial court, the term was used to designate the shogun's office. There had existed 3 successive shogunates in Japan: Kamakura shogunate, Muromachi shogunate and Edo shogunate, and designate vaguely the period administered by respective shoguns. Shoji障子alternative words: Shouji keywords: architecture related topics: Kamakura period , Japanese paper related web sites: http://www.media-line.or.jp/shoujigami/ , http://www.tcct.zaq.ne.jp/koundo/ explanation: Initially it designated every movable and light structure such as fusuma (sliding screen) and tsuitate (screen) inside Japanese house. Since Kamakura period, thin white Japanese paper (washi) has been applied to wooden frames to let light penetrate inside room. Now, the term "Shoji" is specially used to this sliding screen as opposing to Fusuma which uses thick paper. Shoji still continues to be appreciated by may people because of the healthiness: it lets air to pass freely. Shoku nihongi続日本記alternative words: Shokunihongi, Shoku nihonki, Shokunihonki keywords: book related topics: Nara period , Nihonshoki explanation: One of the 6 official Japanese history books (Rikkokushi). Completed in 797 by Sugano no Mamichi as chief editor, it covers the period following Nihon shoki (697-791 AD). Composed with 40 volumes, it is considered the most fundamental document of Nara period history. Shugendo修験道alternative words: Shugen-do, Shugen do, Shugendou keywords: mystery, religion, shintoism related topics: Esoteric Buddhism , Shingon sect , Tendai sect , Yamabushi , Heian period , Nara period , Shintoism , En no ozunu related web sites: http://www1.tcnet.ne.jp/miko/ , http://www.os.rim.or.jp/~yfuku/ , http://www.coara.or.jp/~daikoin/ , http://www1.ocn.ne.jp/~nijitu/index.htm explanation: Merging a mountain faith proper to Japan and Esoteric Buddhism coming from China, this religious practice had become popular during Heian period though En no ozunu of Nara period is considered the founder. It consists to carry out ascetic religious disciplines in mountains in order to increase the spiritual power. The members of this religious order are called "Yamabushi" and usually adhere to Shingon or Tendai sects. Their favorite training grounds are Mts Dewa, Futara, Ontake, Hakusan etc. Shugo守護 守護職alternative words: Shugoshoku, Shugo-shoku, Shugo shoku keywords: office, title related topics: Kamakura shogunate , Minamoto no Yoritomo , Minamoto no Yoshitsune , Muromachi period , Gokenin , Kokushi , Kuni , Shugo daimyo explanation: Shogun Yoritomo created a post of general police for each province (Kuni), "Shugo", by pretending a need to capture Yoshitsune. Shugo was charged to watch "Gokenin" and to assure the security of the province and became a governor's post, parallel to the preexisting "Kokushi". At the end of Kamakura period, most of the posts went to Hojo clan. During Muromachi period, some Shugo controlled several provinces and opposed to the shogunate, then became a war lord (Shugo daimyo). Shugo daimyo守護大名alternative words: Shugodaimyo keywords: title, war lord related topics: Shugo , Kamakura shogunate , Muromachi shogunate , Daimyo , Takeda shingen , Imagawa Yoshimoto explanation: Initially appointed by Kamakura shogunate in order to watch Gokenin of each province (Kuni), Shugo transformed gradually the appointed province to his own fief and the post heritable, when shoguns became weak at the end of Kamakura period. Muromachi shogunate was considered merely a coalition government powerful shugo daimyo. "Sengoku daimyo" then came to replace shugo daimyo. Takeda clan of Yamanashi and Imagawa clan of Shizuoka were shugo daimyo. Shunga春画alternative words: Shun-ga, Shun ga, Erotic ukiyoe, Ukiyoe shunga keywords: art, ukiyoe related topics: Edo period , Ukiyoe , Hishikawa Moronobu , Katsushika Hokusai related web sites: http://ptt01.ptt.co.jp/tnl/ukiyoe-j.htm , http://www2u.biglobe.ne.jp/~gaia-j/u.sakuhin.html explanation: During Edo period, inhabitants of great towns like Tokyo and Osaka could enjoy divers entertainment, thanks to a warless state of more than 2 centuries, and also due to an imperfection of laws. For example, famous ukiyoe artists like Hishikawa Moronobu, Kitagawa Utamaro or Katsushika Hokusai, were competing for the publication of shunga, i.e. wooden prints which detail sex scenes. Accompanied with abundant comments, they serve as an enlightenment of the public, too. Shushigaku朱子学alternative words: Shishi gaku, Neo Confucianism, Chu Hsi school, Zhu Xi school keywords: china, philosophy, school related topics: Edo shogunate , Hayashi Razan explanation: Contrary to other Asian nations, Japanese had never been eager to adopt Confucianism and even sometimes persecuted it. After a take over of China by Manchu tribe in 17th century, many Chinese scholars fled to Japan and propagated Neo Confucianism which had been created during Song dynasty in 12th century. Its teaching, "the full respect of a social order" being perfectly fit to the needs of Edo shogunate, it became its official doctrine through the work of Hayashi Razan. Siberian intervention
シベリア出兵
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