French version
Jokou
上皇alternative words: Joukou, Retired emperor
keywords: emperor , title
related topics: Minamoto no Yoritomo , Kamakura shogunate , Insei , Emperor Gotoba
explanation: When state affairs became too complex, some emperors prefer to retire and act as tutor of an emperor at shadow. The first example of Jokou was Impress Jito who acted as tutor of Emperor Monmu. When Jokou became a priest, he was called "Hoou". The famous examples of Jokou or Hoou are Goshirakawa hoou who opposed to Minamoto no Yoritomo and Gotoba jokou who organized Shoku rebellion against Kamakura shogunate. The politics carried out by Jokou or Hoou were called Insei.
Kanpaku
関白alternative words: Kampaku
keywords: title
related topics: Heian period , Fujiwara family , Toyotomi Hideyoshi
explanation: Contrary to "sessho" which acts as regent when an emperor is too young, kanpaku is appointed in order to assist an adult emperor and considered the highest bureaucrat in the imperial court. The first "kanpaku" was Fujiwara no Mototsune in 887 who had replaced Emperor Yosei by Koko. The position was traditionally occupied by Fujiwara family excepting for Toyotomi Hideyoshi and his son in law Hidetsugu in 16th century.
Kanto kanrei
関東管領
alternative words: Kantou kanrei, Kanto kanre
keywords: office , title
related topics: Muromachi shogunate , Kamakura shogunate , Ashikaga Takauji
explanation: After the suppression of Kamakura shogunate, Muromach shogunate established a special office "Kantofu" in Kanto region because of its strategic importance. The post came to Ashikaga Motouji, the 3rd son of Takauji, and his siblings were called "Kanto kubo" or "Kamakura kubo" while the assistant post, "Kanto Kanrei", came to Uesugi Noriaki and his siblings. The post of Kanto kubo was suppressed after Eikyo rebellion in 1438 while "Kanto kanrei" subsisted until Sengoku period.
Karo
家老alternative words: House elder
keywords: title
related topics: Daimyo , Roju , Edo shogunate , Edo period , Sankinkotai
explanation: Top ranking officials of daimyo, equivalent to roju of Edo shogunate, they were appointed from important retainers or family members. According to the size of daimyo, the quorum varies from 3 to a dozen and they form an inner circle around daimyo to make collectively the important decisions. During Edo period, the head of homeland karo, "jodai karo" (castle substitute) played an important role because half of the time, daimyo with some karo had to live in Tokyo, due to Sankinkotai. Karo means "house elder".
Kebiishi
検非違使
検非違使庁
alternative words: Kebiishicho, Kebiishi cho, Kebiishinocho, Kebiishi no cho
keywords: office , title
related topics: Heian period , Heiankyo , Muromachi period
related web sites: http://www.sol.dti.ne.jp/~hiromi/kansei/o_tsukai_kebii.html
explanation: One of Ryogenokan (extra statutory office) settled in 810. Initially charged with Heiankyo's police affairs, its prerogative increased to judicial affairs by absorbing the powers of Gyobusho (Justice ministry) and Kyobusho (Kyoto's town council). With an increase of the social disorder, it had concentrated all the powers on the police and justice affairs since 910 but declined with a rise of samurai clans since Kamakura period. Muromachi shogunate replaced it with "Samurai dokoro".
Kokushi
国司keywords: office , title
related topics: Ritsuryo system , Heian period , Shoen , Shugo , Kamakura shogunate , Kuni , Kuni no miyatsuko
related web sites: http://www3.town.tatsuruhama.ishikawa.jp/hisbook/rekisi/index3/text07.HTM
explanation: According to Ritsuryo system, Japan was divided to about 60 provinces and each province was governed by an official sent from the capital. He was responsible of the tax collection and the security. Due to a development of shoen and samurai clans during Heian period, Kokushi appealed gradually to a representative without moving from Kyoto. When Kamakura shogunate created "shugo", Kokushi became useless but still remained as a honorific post until Edo period.
Komuso
虚無僧alternative words: Komusou, Komuso monk
keywords: buddhism , ninja , title
related topics: Rinzai sect , Shakuhachi , Ninja , Ronin
related web sites: http://www2s.biglobe.ne.jp/~komuken/
explanation: Members of Fukeshu group of Rinzai sect who consists to propagate Zen doctrine by playing Japanese flute (Shakuhachi). With white surplice and straw hat which covers completely the face, they traveled to ask offerings by playing Shakuhachi. Able to trip with hidden face, it was a favorite style of conspirators or antisocial groups such as Ninja and Ronin. Beginning from 16th century, they have disappeared quickly since the ban of Fukeshu in 1871.
Kyoto shoshidai
京都所司代
alternative words: Kyoto deputy
keywords: office , title
related topics: Muromachi period , Edo shogunate , Roju , Kebiishi , Rokuhara tandai , Daimyo , Bakumatsu , Heiankyo
related web sites: http://www.netlaputa.ne.jp/~house/rekidai/kyoto.htm
explanation: During Muromachi period, "Kyoto shoshidai" was dealing with the police and judicial affairs of Kyoto like Kebiishi of Heian period and "Rokuhara tandai" of Kamakura period. Edo shugunate gave him a prerogative to monitor the activity of imperial court and daimyo of Kansai region and the post was considered springboard to Roju, the supreme function of Edo shogunate. During Bakumatsu period, Kyoto shoshidai and Osaka jodai were under the control of "Kyoto shugoshoku".
Kyushu Tandai
九州探題
鎮西探題
alternative words: Chinzei Tandai, Chinsei Tandai, Kyushutandai, Chinzeitandai
keywords: office , title
related topics: Kamakura shogunate , Muromachi shogunate , Dazaifu , Invasion of Mongols , Nanbokucho period , Hojoshi
explanation: Office settled in 1293 at Dazaifu in Kyushu by Kamakura shogunate in order to facing Mongol invasion. The first responsible was Hojo Kanetoki. Since then the post was occupied traditionally by Hojo clans and charged with the regional military and judicial matters. The following Muromachi shogunate also created the same post in 1371in order to fight against the partisans of southern court in Kyushu during Nanbokucho schism period and Imagawa Sadayo was the first responsible.
Machi bugyo
町奉行alternative words: Machi bugyou, Machibugyo, City commissioner
keywords: title
related topics: Edo period , Daimyo , Bugyo , Hatamoto
explanation: Town administrators of Edo period. They dealt also criminal or judicial affairs of chonin (merchants and craftsmen) but not samurai. Though each Daimyo had own machi bugyo, those of Edo shogunate were by far the most important due to the size of towns. For example, Tokyo was divided into 2 sectors, Minami machi (south town) and Kita machi (north town) and each sector has 2 machi bugyo who worked in rotation per month. They were chosen among high ranked Hatamoto.
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