Online dictionary of history and traditions in Japan: war lord

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Shoen

荘園
alternative words: Manor, Shouen
keywords: office , war lord
related topics: Taika reform , Ritsuryo system , Heian period , Samurai , Onin war , Jito
related web sites: http://www.tamagawa.ac.jp/sisetu/kyouken/kamakura/syouen/
explanation: After Taika reform, the private land ownership had been ban (Ritsuryo system) but it was gradually vacated under a pressure of powerful aristocrats and great temples: first, it was admitted to own new exploitation. Less powerful landowners contributed their lands to more powerful owners to get their aid while they recruited samurai to protect their lands. So at the end of Heian period, virtually all the Japanese lands had become Shoen (manors) and this situation continued until Onin war.

Shugo daimyo

守護大名
alternative words: Shugodaimyo
keywords: title , war lord
related topics: Shugo , Kamakura shogunate , Muromachi shogunate , Daimyo , Takeda shingen , Imagawa Yoshimoto
explanation: Initially appointed by Kamakura shogunate in order to watch Gokenin of each province (Kuni), Shugo transformed gradually the appointed province to his own fief and the post heritable, when shoguns became weak at the end of Kamakura period. Muromachi shogunate was considered merely a coalition government powerful shugo daimyo. "Sengoku daimyo" then came to replace shugo daimyo. Takeda clan of Yamanashi and Imagawa clan of Shizuoka were shugo daimyo.

Taira no Kiyomori

平清盛 清盛
alternative words: Taira-no-Kiyomori, Tairano Kiyomori, Kiyomori
keywords: famous person , war lord
related topics: Heishi , Genji , Minamoto no Yoritomo , Heian period , Heike monogatari
related web sites: http://member.nifty.ne.jp/shojishoji/history/
explanation: Born in 1118 in Heishi family as the eldest son of Tadamori. Being a brave warrior, he eliminated successfully the most of Fujiwara family and Genji during Hougen war (Hougen no ran) of 1156 and Heiji war (Heiji no ran) of 1159. Then he become the prime minister (Dajo daijin) and sent his daughter as the wife of an Emperor. His family monopolizing the most of important posts and fortune, many people became angry with Heishi. He died in 1181 because of a fever illness.

Taira no Masakado

平将門 将門
alternative words: Tairano Masakado, Masakado Taira, Masakado
keywords: famous person , war lord
related topics: Heishi , Heian period
related web sites: http://www.page.sannet.ne.jp/gutoku2/syouheinoran1.html , http://www4.justnet.ne.jp/~takeuchi_toshinori/masakado.htm , http://www.kandamyoujin.or.jp
explanation: Warlord of the middle Heian period. He is a grand son of Taira no Takamochi who founded prestigious Heike family. Initially the quarrel over a woman, it had been degenerate to a large scale rebellion over the whole Kanto region. Masakado wanted to create an independent country in the east of Japan by nominating own regional governors. He was killed by Fujiwara no Hidesato in 940. Now, he has been enshrined at Kanda shrine as a protector of Tokyo.

Takeda Shingen

武田信玄
alternative words: Shingen Takeda, Shingen, Takeda Singen
keywords: famous person , war lord
related topics: Sengoku period , Tokugawa Ieyasu , Uesugi Kenshin , Imagawa Yoshimoto
related web sites: http://www.interq.or.jp/pure/miyatate/ , http://shingen3.hp.infoseek.co.jp/
explanation: Born in 1521 as the eldest son of Nobutora in Yamanashi prefecture. In 1541 he inherited the father's feud by expelling him from the country. He tried first to expand his territory toward the north and entered a conflict with another strong war lord, Uesugi Kensin. Both being good tacticians, the battle of Kawanakajima ended in a draw. After the death of Imagawa Yoshimoto, he raised a big army to occupy Kyoto and died due to illness during a battle against Tokugawa Ieyasu in 1573.

Tokugawa Ieyasu

徳川家康 松平家康
alternative words: Ieyasu Tokugawa, Ieyasu
keywords: famous person , shogun , war lord
related topics: Sengoku period , Oda Nobunaga , Toyotomi Hideyoshi , Ishida Mitsunari , Battle of Sekigahara , Shogun , Edo shogunate , Tokugawashi
related web sites: http://member.nifty.ne.jp/gongen/ieyasu/ , http://www.shibuyam.com
explanation: Born in the family of a local war lord in 1542 in the west of Aichi Prefecture. Sandwiched between 2 powerful clans, Imagawa in the east and Oda in the west, he spent his youth as a hostage of those families. But with a great patience, he had successfully enlarge his feud. After his allied, Toyotomi Hideyoshi's death, Ieyasu entered in a conflict with Hideyoshi's deputy, Ishida Mitsunari and beaten him in the great battle of Sekigahara in 1600. He became shogun in 1603 and died in 1616.

Tokugawashi

徳川氏 徳川家 徳川 松平
alternative words: Tokugawa family, Matsudaira family, Tokugawa, Matsudaira, Tokugawa ke, Matsudaira ke, Tokugawa shi, Matsudaira shi
keywords: family , war lord
related topics: Tokugawa Ieyasu , Oda Nobunaga , Imagawa Yoshimoto , Sengoku period , Daimyo , Edo shogunate , Tokugawa Yoshinobu
related web sites: http://www2.harimaya.com/aoi/
explanation: Tokugawa had been a tiny sengoku daimyo in the mountainous region of the eastern Aichi. After a sudden death of his ally, Imagawa Yoshimoto then Oda Nobunaga, Tokugawa Ieyasu received Kanto region as his fief by allying with Toyotomi Hideyoshi. He opened Edo shogunate in 1603 and the regime continued until 1868 when the 15th shogun Yoshinobu returned back the title of shogun. Ieyasu changed his name, Matsudaira to Tokugawa in 1566 but the sub-branches were always called Matsudaira.

Toyotomi Hideyoshi

豊臣秀吉 木下藤吉郎 羽柴秀吉
alternative words: Hideyoshi Toyotomi, Hideyoshi
keywords: famous person , korea , war lord
related topics: Sengoku period , Azuchi Momoyama period , Oda Nobunaga , Invasion of Korea , Ishida Mitsunari
related web sites: http://www.biwa.ne.jp/event/hideyosi/ , http://www.na.rim.or.jp/~magnet/hideyo1.html
explanation: Born in a modest family of samurai in 1536, Nobunaga recognized immediately his talent after an enrollment to the army, and Hideyoshi answered well his requests in many circumstances. After a surprising assassination of his boss by Akechi Mitsuhide in 1582, Hideyoshi killed the latter and continued the work of his superior, i.e. unification of Japan. Unsatisfied with his achievement, he sent troops to Korea to become Chinese Emperor but died in 1598 without seeing the result.

Tozama

外様 外様大名
alternative words: Tozama daimyo
keywords: title , war lord
related topics: Daimyo , Edo period , Battle of Sekigahara , Koku , Fudai , Tokugawa Ieyasu , Sengoku period
explanation: Title given to daimyo during Edo period. They had allied to Tokugawa family since Battle of Sekigahara in 1600. Many had been competitors of Tokugawa Ieyasu during Sengoku period before he unified Japan. Though Tozama controlled large domains such as Maeda of Kaga with 1 million koku and Shimazu of Satsuma with 0,7 million koku, they were not allowed to participate to Edo shogunate's cabinet.

Uesugi Kenshin

上杉謙信 長尾景虎
alternative words: Kenshin Uesugi, Kenshin
keywords: famous person , war lord
related topics: Sengoku period , Takeda Shingen , Kanto Kanrei , Bishamonten
related web sites: http://www2.harimaya.com/uesugi/
explanation: Born in 1530 in a Uesugi's sub branch, Nagao family, who was charged to administer Niigata region (Shugo dai). Though Uesugi had a responsibility over the whole Kanto region (Kanto kanrei), they had been weaken by Hojo family. So Shingen succeeded his overlord to restore his feud by fighting against Hojo and his allied, Takeda Shingen. Kenshin and Shingen crashed 5 times at Kawanakajima in northern Ngano but the battles had been never conclusive. He died in 1578 due to an cerebral paralysis.
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